Abstract: Building a people-centered, high-quality fitness-for-all public service system is a landmark undertaking in fully realizing a modern socialist power and achieving the Second Centenary Goal. Using literature research method and field investigations, this study analyzes the theoretical connotation, practical predicaments, and actionable pathways of developing people-centered, high-quality fitness-for-all public services from the “process-outcome” quality perspective. The findings indicate that people-centered, high-quality development of fitness-for-all public services reflects a state where the public’s growing fitness demands are fully respected, effectively met, and their sense of fulfillment in fitness tangibly enhanced. During the governance process, factors that fetter the development, such as the yet-to-be-formed multi-center collaborative governance system, the ambiguity of government affairs information disclosure, the disadvantaged position of the public discourse of ordinary people, and the distortion in the collection of demand information, as well as predicaments like the imbalance of supply standards in prominent supply result areas, the prevalence of homogeneity, the poor public fitness environment, and the unreasonable spatial layout, have resulted in the generally low governance efficacy of public fitness services and the poor quality of the product and service system. Moving forward, it is imperative to proactively adapt to evolving demands, implement whole-process democratic governance, and pursue goals of high-efficiency governance and high-quality product and service provision. Measures should include empowering with a new system of mobilizing resources nationwide, basic standards as a safety net, diverse and distinctive product and service offerings, quality improvement and upgrading of both the stock and the increment, convenient and shared spatial layout and full-process quality monitoring. These measures aim to advance the high-quality development of China’s fitness public services.