Abstract: Sports science with Chinese characteristics is deeply rooted in the distinctive sports practices of China, and it has continuously achieved new progress by addressing major theoretical challenges in sports practices. This study reviewed these advancements comprehensively and systematically, and summarized ten significant theoretical achievements in sports science including the “people-centered sports subject theory”, the “sports power theory integrated into the Chinese Dream”, and the “sports development theory featuring a new sports system for mobilizing the resources nationwide”. Focusing on the theoretical domains of these achievements, this study elaborated their research backgrounds, core propositions, and academic innovations, and several important theoretical insights with academic foundational value were summarized. The findings of this study aiming to deepen research on sports science with Chinese characteristics, strengthen its theoretical foundations, and provide targeted and effective theoretical guidance for sports practices. In addition, it can accelerate the disciplinization and systematization of sports science, and provide sustained theoretical innovation support for establishing a sports science system with China’s autonomous knowledge system.