Abstract: As a vital component of Chinese traditional culture, Chinese martial arts, with its profound cultural essence and embodied educational value, exerts a broad and deep influence on shaping adolescent personality. This study focuses on the role of Chinese martial arts in adolescent personality development, systematically exploring the inherent logic and practical pathways through which martial arts culture contributes to personality formation across three dimensions: biopsychological, psychological, and moral. The cultivation of personality through martial arts has evolved with distinct historical characteristics. In the Pre-Qin era, ritual archery for self-cultivation established the model of a “gentleman”. In the Qin and Han dynasties, the military meritocracy system forged loyalty and courage. In the Sui and Tang dynasties, the martial examination system to select the virtuous set standards for loyalty and righteousness. In the Song and Yuan dynasties, integration with Neo-Confucian thought nurtured benevolence and moral integrity. In the Ming and Qing dynasties, advocacy for the “unity of knowledge and action” refined morality. In the Republican era, emphasis on “strengthening the nation and its people” ignited patriotic fervor. Tempered over three millennia, a holistic personality system has emerged, rooted in martial ethos, anchored by loyalty and courage, centered on benevolence and morality, and oriented by patriotic sentiment. This system achieves intergenerational transmission and contemporary elevation of spiritual character through ritual institutions and national practices. The study further reveals three key roles of martial arts in adolescent personality development: 1) Biopsychological shaping through rigorous training in martial techniques; 2) psychological construction via the refinement of martial rituals and arts; 3) moral refinement by internalizing martial principles and philosophies. To cultivate well-rounded personalities in adolescents through Chinese martial arts, the study proposes practical pathways: 1) promote high-quality disciplinary development to elevate the stature; 2) implement diversified training techniques to deepen the impact; 3) foster multidisciplinary integration to broaden the scope. These pathways aim to support the healthy growth of adolescents in the new age, ultimately nurturing outstanding talents for nation-building and the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.