Abstract: Through methods such as literature review and an examination of rights protection from an inverse perspective, this study analyzes the theoretical rationale and permissible boundaries of interventions on athletes’ rights in international anti-doping governance, aiming to delineate pathways for safeguarding athletes’ rights. A central challenge lies in reconciling the tension between the public interest pursued by anti-doping organizations and the private interests of athletes. An optimal governance framework must balance effective anti-doping regulation with robust protections for athletes’ rights. However, as the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) expands its authority, the structural imbalance between institutional power and individual rights in anti-doping governance reflects a trend where athletes’ personal interests—such as the autonomous expression of dissent—are increasingly subordinated to the public interest of anti-doping mandates. This study contends that interventions on athletes’ rights in anti-doping governance are not unlimited; they must be constrained by principles of legal reservation, due process, proportionality, and the non-infringement of the essential integrity of athletes’ rights. Collectively, these principles define the boundaries of rights interventions in anti-doping governance.