Abstract: Improving the national fitness public service system is a vital livelihood project that enhances people’s well-being and advances the building of a modern socialist powerhouse. Through literature analysis, logical reasoning, and field research, this study comprehensively analyzes the bottlenecks, priorities, and key strategies for improving the national fitness public service system during the 15th Five-Year Plan period. The findings identify three major bottlenecks: insufficient strategic understanding of the system, persistent structural issues, and ongoing risks and challenges. To address these, the development priorities during the 15th Five-Year Plan period should focus on leveraging standardization to promote equity, applying smart technologies to enhance precision, integrating social resources to expand accessibility, and adopting systematic approaches to deepen integration. Key strategies for advancing the system include: aligning with overall strategic to clarify the important positioning of national fitness; addressing public expectations to improve the efficacy of public service delivery; strengthening grassroots foundations to amplify localized fitness initiatives; embracing innovation-driven solutions to cultivate new momentum for fitness development; promoting efficient integration to diversify fitness service scenarios; and fostering collaborative participation and governance to build a multi-stakeholder governance framework.