Abstract: To construct sports science with Chinese characteristics in the new era, it is essential－from the perspective of theoretical iteration and advancement－to adopt epistemological critique as a foundation for reflecting upon and reassessing existing theoretical frameworks. Such reflection establishes the cognitive groundwork necessary for theoretical innovation and restructuring. Similarly, from the standpoint of renewing and upgrading the knowledge system, epistemological self-examination serves as the basis for evaluating and examining the current body of knowledge, thereby supporting knowledge production and reorganization. Accordingly, using Marxist epistemology as a “critical tool,” this study conducts a historical examination and theoretical reconstruction of sports science from three dimensions－natural epistemology, social epistemology, and self-epistemology－employing an analytical framework that dialectically unifies understanding and interest. The findings reveal that sports science has evolved through distinct historical stages: from empirical knowledge and interests in physical fitness based on human resources, to a technology-driven understanding and interests in elite performance grounded in human science, and further to a philosophical-social understanding and interests in wellness expanded through social sciences. Currently, sports science is entering a new phase aligned with the demands of the new era－one characterized by a human-centric understanding and interests in health, guided by the theoretical framework of human studies.