人体动态稳定性理论及防跌倒扰动性训练进展
Development of Dynamic Stability Theory of Human Body and Perturbation Training for Fall Prevention
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摘要: 随着世界范围内老龄化社会问题的日益严重,以及一些有运动障碍的特殊群体的扩大,致使跌倒成为了一个严重的社会问题。人体动态稳定性理论是防跌倒研究的理论基础,目前已经取得了有价值的进展。人体动态稳定性理论不同于静态稳定性理论,后者给出的是人体质心位置与支撑面之间的相对位置关系,而前者增加了人体质心速度的因素,给出的是人体质心位置—速度状态与动态稳定区域之间的关系,可利用稳度来判定人体所处的稳定状态,甚至定量评价人体的动态稳定程度。影响跌倒的主要因素有二:稳度为负和支撑不力。在防跌倒的研究中进行适应性练习可显著地提高滑前稳度和滑后稳度,分别体现了前馈控制和反馈控制对人体动态稳定性的神经生理影响。Abstract: Given the fact of the aging society across the world and the enlarging population with disability,fall is becoming a serious social problem.As the theoretical basis of fall prevention,the dynamic stability theory of human body has achieved an important improvement.Dynamic stability differs from static stability with the latter characterizing the relationship between the positions of center of mass(COM) of human body and its base of support.However,the former takes into consideration the factor of COM velocity besides the position;and describes the dynamic relationship between COM motion state(i.e.,the combination of position & velocity of COM of human) and dynamic stability region.Stability can be used to determine if the human body is in stable condition.Further,it can be employed to evaluate the degree of stability of human quantitatively.There are two contributing factors which cause falls:instability and weak weight support.Perturbation training in fall prevention can improve stability before and after slip,which represents the neurophysiology influences of feed-forward control and feedback control on dynamic stability of human body respectively.