夏忠梁. 2014: 儿童动作技能学习中背景干扰效应的研究. 体育科学, 34(10): 39-51,66. DOI: 10.16469/j.css.2014.10.008
    引用本文: 夏忠梁. 2014: 儿童动作技能学习中背景干扰效应的研究. 体育科学, 34(10): 39-51,66. DOI: 10.16469/j.css.2014.10.008
    XIA Zhong-liang. 2014: Study on Contextual Interference Effect of Children Motor Learning. China Sport Science, 34(10): 39-51,66. DOI: 10.16469/j.css.2014.10.008
    Citation: XIA Zhong-liang. 2014: Study on Contextual Interference Effect of Children Motor Learning. China Sport Science, 34(10): 39-51,66. DOI: 10.16469/j.css.2014.10.008

    儿童动作技能学习中背景干扰效应的研究

    Study on Contextual Interference Effect of Children Motor Learning

    • 摘要: 基于目前国外关于“背景干扰效应”相关研究成果的不足, 分别选取乒乓球发球技能和篮球传球技能作为实验操作任务进行两个现场应用研究, 从操作任务性质 (动作任务程序相同与否) 和个体角度 (年龄和技能熟练程度) 探讨不同练习组织方式对儿童动作技能学习影响的变化规律, 并进一步验证动作技能学习中的“背景干扰效应”假说。研究1:选取30名年龄12~14岁、平均训练经历3~4年男乒乓球运动员作为研究对象, 以乒乓球正手发下旋球、正手发上旋球以及正手发侧下旋球3种发球动作作为操作任务, 对3组被试分别进行技能习得测试、48h保持测试和迁移测试。研究2:选取45名年龄11~12岁儿童初学者作为被试对象, 以篮球双手胸前传球作为操作任务, 选取绝对误差 (AE) 、绝对常数误差 (ACE) 和变异误差 (VE) 作为评价指标, 对3组被试分别进行技能习得测试、48h保持测试和迁移测试。儿童技能熟练者在同一训练单元中练习不同动作程序技能时存在“背景干扰效应”。1) 对于儿童技能熟练者, 以巩固动作技能为目的, 教练或教师应多选用对儿童练习干扰较低的练习方式;以提高儿童动作技能灵活性和比赛适应性为目的, 应多选取练习干扰较高的练习方式。儿童技能熟练者学习不同动作程序动作技能时, 在动作技能学习不同阶段选取适宜的练习方式, 以保证在整个动作技能学习过程中始终能为儿童技能熟练者匹配最佳的操作难度技能, 提高动作技能练习效率。2) 儿童技能初学者在同一训练单元中学习相同动作程序技能时没有出现“背景干扰效应”。对于儿童技能初学者, 学习以改变相对速度、力量、时间等参数这类的相同动作程序动作技能时, 在选取固定练习方式的基础上, 适当增加练习的变异性有利于儿童动作技能表现水平的提高和保持以及对未来操作情境的适应。渐进练习方式在儿童动作技能学习过程中始终能为儿童匹配最佳功能性难度任务, 不仅有利于儿童掌握动作技能, 而且, 有利于儿童对动作技能的记忆表征和动作计划的重新构建, 是儿童初学者学习动作技能的最佳练习方式。

       

      Abstract: Objective:Based on the results of contextual interference effect of abroad, by selecting table tennis serve and two hand pass starting from the chest of basketball as the task to do two field researches.From tasks character (motor program same or not) and individual (age, skilled or not) to discuss the effect of different practice schedules to children motor learning and further verify the hypothesis of contextual interference effect.Method:Experiment 1By selecting thirty aged 12~14years old, average training experience 3~4years, male table tennis players as the research object, table tennis forehand backspin service, the forehand topspin serve and forehand side backspin serve as the task, we have tests respectively for three groups during the stage of acquisition, 48h-retention and transfer.Experiment 2By selecting forty five 11 to 12-yr old children as the participants, two hand pass starting from the chest of basketball as the task and absolute error、absolute constant error、variable error as the evaluation index, we have tests respectively for three groups during the stage of acquisition, 48h-retention and transfer.Conclusion:It has verified the hypothesis of contextual interference effect when experienced children learned the different motor program motor skills in the same practice section.Learning different motor program motor skill for skilled learner, it should be selected appropriate practice schedule to ensure match suitable task difficulty and improve efficiency of learning.Selecting lower interference practice schedule is beneficial for children to master basic motor skill;Selecting higher interference practice schedule is beneficial for children to improve the mobility of motor skills and the adaption to match.It did not verify the hypothesis of contextual interference effect when children learned the same motor program motor skills.Learning the same general program motor skills which changing parameters of relative speed, power andtime, children based on invariant practice schedule and appropriate to increase the variability of practice which is not only beneficial for children to improving motor skills, but also maintaining the skills longer and adapting to the future motor environment.Systematically increasing practice is the best practice schedule to children in motor learning which can offer suitable functional difficulty tasks to children for learning skills, it is not only beneficial for children to developing and strengthening their movement model but also helping children memory representation and constructing action plan of motor skills.

       

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