职业足球运动员第三方所有权的法律规制

    Legal Governance of the Third-party Ownership of Professional Football Players’ Economic Rights

    • 摘要: 第三方所有权是指俱乐部以外的实体或者个人拥有运动员部分或者全部的经济权益,而俱乐部只能部分或者无权拥有这部分权益的商业模式。第三方所有权业务在南美广受欢迎,但遭到欧洲足联的抵制,这是因为其既有正面效应,亦存负面影响。第三方所有权被俱乐部视作筹集资金、共担投资风险的杠杆,但也具有潜在的经济和道德风险。在经济上,第三方对经济收益的追逐可能导致资本外流、损害运动员合同的稳定性、削弱财政监管体制,以及可能使足球运动成为犯罪集团洗钱的通道。在道德上,第三方可能通过操控运动员而损害足球比赛的公正性,并剥夺运动员开拓职业前景的自由。西汉姆联俱乐部转会案促使国际足联禁止取得运动员经济权益的第三方对俱乐部施加不当影响。在2014年,国际足联最终决定废除第三方所有权,但同意给予各国协会一定的过渡期。国际体育仲裁庭关于第三方所有权的立场,也经历了从“认可”到“禁止”的变迁。本研究通过梳理第三方所有权的内涵、效应以及国际规则,结合我国现行法律以及行业情况,建议引进关于第三方所有权效力的行政法规,并建立关于俱乐部融资、转会以及运动员所有权等信息的披露机制。

       

      Abstract: The third-party ownership enables individuals or entities rather than clubs to own partial or entire economic rights of football players.In other words,football clubs could merely share part of the players' economic rights if the economic rights are not totally owned by third parties.The third-party ownership is warmly embraced by South America,but it incurs criticism in the Union of European Football Associations.This is because the third-party ownership is a double-edged sword.As a new type of business model,it helps football clubs to raise money and shares risk of investments with them.However,it also has negative influences on both economy and morality.It may lead to capital flight,impair contractual stability,undermine financial regulatory regimes,or get involved in money laundering.As for the morality,the thirdparty ownership may damage the fairness of football match or deprive the players' freedom of career development.After the transfer scandal of the West Ham United Football Club,the FIFA decided to stop third parties that are entitled to players' economic rights from adversely affecting football clubs.In 2014,the FIFA finally decided to ban the third-party ownership with a transitional period.And the Court of Arbitration for Sports' position towards the third-party ownership has also experienced a change from permission to prohibition.The main purpose is to provide advice for adapting relevant regulations to the FIFA's latest policy development.It first reviews the definition,influences,and international regulations of the third-party ownership.Subsequently,through analysing relevant legal and football regulations in China,this paper suggests introducing administrative regulations concerning third-party ownership and establishing information disclosure system for financing,transfer,and the ownership of players.

       

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