一个公园休闲体育的历时性生态学考察与分析
Investigation and Analysis of Leisure Sports in a Park from Diachronic and Ecological Points of View
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摘要: 结合生态学理论,对个案公园进行历时性考察,就公园休闲体育及相关因素进行分析,并建构系统阐释运行规律。研究认为,在社区公园繁杂的活动表象下,存在着一个公园休闲生态系统,即休闲活动的主体(个体、群体)与公园半人工、半自然的环境、休闲经济环境及休闲社会和文化环境通过物流、能流、信息流、人员流以及资金流而相互作用、相互依存的系统。其结构表现为:宏观上,包括休闲社会及文化子系统、经济子系统和自然子系统;中观上,即层次结构;微观上,包括内容结构、时间结构、空间结构和链网结构。其功能表现为:对于系统自身各要素及外环境的功能、社会功能、经济功能、文化功能、生态美功能。系统的生态平衡主要受系统的层次结构、休闲种类的多样性、信息反馈、功能冗余、休闲活动间的关系协调等因素的影响。为了维持该系统的平衡,应遵循如下基本原则:资源复合利用原则、人工调控和自我调控相结合原则、共生原则、功能最优化原则和最小风险原则。这给我国社区公园的管理和运作提供了新的思路:在宏观层面,政府应将注意力集中于资源的多重利用和功能互动上,建立政府主导、各相关部门协同、休闲公众参与的公园休闲生态管理协作机制。在中观层面,提高公园资源的使用效率,优化公园内、外环境,增强系统的休闲承载力。在微观层面,加强休闲主体服务,调控系统结构与功能,提高休闲活动多样性。最终,实现系统高承载力的动态平衡,促进公园休闲体育的可持续发展。Abstract: With the theory of ecology and a field investigation of a particular park,this paper studies leisure sports in parks and the leisure ecosystem of a community park,explores the intrinsic operating rules of the park.The result shows that Leisure Ecological System of the Community Park is a compound of human(individual or group)and the environment with specific structure and functions.It can meet people's need in body and spirit.The core connotation of the concept is harmonious symbiosis.The system is mainly composed by the subject of the leisure,the activity of leisure and the environment for leisure.Its basic characteristics includes being based on human,being dominated by leisure activities,the spontaneous formation and systematical development,the dynamic time and space,the interaction of the elements,and the combination of inner and outer regulation.The subject of the artificial regulation is the administrator of the park and its higher-up administration.The basic principles of the artificial regulation are overlapped utilization of resources,the combination of artificial regulation and automatic regulation,reciprocal and symbiosis,interpromotion and inconsistency and so on.This provides a new thought to the management and operation of community parks in China.From the macro-perspective,the government should focus on the multiple utilization of resources and functional interaction to establish a government-led,department-coordinated,citizen-participated cooperational mechanism of an ecologically-managed leisure park.At the medium level,the efficiency of park resources needs to be improved,and the internal and external environments of the parks need to be optimized,which is to enhance the recreational carrying capacity of the system.From the micro-perspective,the service to the leisure subject needs to be strengthened,the system structure and function needs to be controlled,and the diversity of leisure activities needs to be improved.The final goal is to achieve a high level dynamic balance of the system and develop the leisure sports in parks.