Abstract: Objective:To investigate the effect of acute moderate exercise on the local synchronization of spontaneous brain activity in resting-state,and further explore the effect of acute moderate exercise on brain plasticity of children.Methods:Before and after a single 30-min acute moderate exercise,10 right handed healthy children aged at 10 were scanned with a Simens MAGNETOM Trio 3.0 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging scanner in resting state,which were instructed to remain still,awake with their eyes closed,as motionlessas possible and to think of nothing in particular;Using regional homogeneity(ReHo)to measure the local synchronization of RS-fMRI signals,and then investigated the relationship between the changes of ReHo and the behavior improvement of executive function,as evaluated by the reaction time in a Flanker task.Results:1)a single 30-min acute moderate exercise could reorganize the children'regional homogeneity of spontaneous fluctuations in the blood oxygen level-dependent(BOLD)signals in the bilateral cingulate cortex,the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex,left medial frontal gyrus,bilateral postcentral gyrus,left inferior occipital gyrus,left lingual gyrus,left middle temporal gyrus and right superior temporal gyrus.2)The beneficial effect of acute moderate exercise on children's EF was significant.3)The increased ReHo in bilateral cingulate gyrus,bilateral posterior central gyrus and left dorsal prefrontal cortex were correlated with the improvement of EF.Conclusion:The effect of a single acute moderate exercise on children'brain plasticity and executive function may be related with the increased of ReHo in resting state.