杨升平, 丛湖平. 2018: 试论体育竞赛组织及其演化与分类——游戏与组织的理论框架及历史与现实的案例分析. 体育科学, 38(5): 88-96. DOI: 10.16469/j.css.201805010
    引用本文: 杨升平, 丛湖平. 2018: 试论体育竞赛组织及其演化与分类——游戏与组织的理论框架及历史与现实的案例分析. 体育科学, 38(5): 88-96. DOI: 10.16469/j.css.201805010
    YANG Sheng-ping, CONG Hu-ping. 2018: Study on Physical Contest Organization and Its Evolution and Classification——Theoretical Framework of Game and Organization and Case Study of History and Reality. China Sport Science, 38(5): 88-96. DOI: 10.16469/j.css.201805010
    Citation: YANG Sheng-ping, CONG Hu-ping. 2018: Study on Physical Contest Organization and Its Evolution and Classification——Theoretical Framework of Game and Organization and Case Study of History and Reality. China Sport Science, 38(5): 88-96. DOI: 10.16469/j.css.201805010

    试论体育竞赛组织及其演化与分类——游戏与组织的理论框架及历史与现实的案例分析

    Study on Physical Contest Organization and Its Evolution and Classification——Theoretical Framework of Game and Organization and Case Study of History and Reality

    • 摘要: 体育竞赛组织是体育领域的重要现象, 在明确提出体育竞赛组织概念的基础上, 以“Play-Game-Sport”连续统作为认识逻辑, 以交易成本理论、资源依赖理论等为理论基础, 并以19世纪英国足球运动的演化发展、北美与欧洲职业体育的对比, 以及网球、拳击等运动项目的体育竞赛组织作为案例, 从组织目标和组织结构两个方面对建立一般性体育竞赛组织的分析框架进行了探索性研究。首先, 体育竞赛组织的发生机制是由运动技能专用性、机会主义和资源依赖等效率性因素所决定;其次, 体育竞赛组织的演化机制取决于组织目标与组织结构的变化及二者的交互作用, 且组织目标由“游戏性”向“生产性”的演化与组织结构化呈现一定的正相关关系;再次, 依据组织目标的“游戏性”、“生产性”、两者混合的3种分类, 以及组织结构关系上“竞赛系统”与“竞赛服务系统”联接与分离的两种分类, 现实中具体的体育竞赛组织可分为6种不同类型:1) 市场交易式游戏性体育竞赛组织;2) 联盟契约式游戏性体育竞赛组织;3) 联盟契约式混合I型体育竞赛组织;4) 联盟契约式混合II型体育竞赛组织;5) 联盟契约式生产性体育竞赛组织;6) 市场交易式体育竞赛组织。

       

      Abstract: Physical contest organization is important organizational phenomenon in sports field, but previous studies have been divided into different academic fields according to the characteristics of specific organizations, and no general understanding of physical contest organizations has been formed. Therefore, taking "Play-Game-Sport" continuum as epistemic logic, based on the transaction cost theory, resource dependence theory, and with the development of the nineteenth Century British football evolution, comparison of North American and European sports occupation, as well as tennis, boxing and other individual physical contest organizations as examples, this paper makes exploratory research to set up the general framework of physical contest organizations from the two aspects of organizational structure and organizational goals. Firstly, the formation mechanism of physical contest organization is determined by efficiency factors such as sport skill specificity, opportunism and resource dependence. Secondly, the evolution mechanism of physical contest organizations depends on the changes of organizational goals, the changes of organizational structure and the interaction between them, the conversion from "playfulness" to "productivity" in organizational goal is positively related to the structuring of organization. Lastly, according to the three categories of organizational goals which are respectively "playfulness", "productivity" and their mixture, and the two categories of structural relation of organization which are connection and separation between "contest system" and "contest service system", specific physical contest organizations in reality can be divided into 6 different types: (1) gamelike physical contest organization featuring market trading; (2) gamelike physical contest organization featuring league contract; (3) mixed type I physical contest organization featuring league contract; (4) mixed type II physical contest organization featuring league contract; (5) productively physical contest organization featuring league contract; (6) productively physical contest organization featuring market trading. This paper has referential value for the study of sports competition and its organization, as well as the evolution of sports events.

       

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