Abstract: This paper analyzed the influences of Shanghai's population structure transition on sports development strategy from age, gender, family, class and space. The following main conclusions were drawn: 1) the ageing of population required government to actively promote health promotion value of sports; 2) the shrinkage of young people's proportion required government to change training model of competitive sports reserve talents; 3) the relatively low life expectancy of male population required government to strengthen intervention in their sports participation; 4) the relatively high sex ratio at birth required government to pay attention to the sustainable development of female competitive sports; 5) the decline in family stability required government to strengthen family sports; 6) the increase of empty nesters required government to provide targeted public sports services for them; 7) the growing formation of olive-shaped stratum structure required government to activate middle-income groups' traction function of sports consumption; 8) the growth of new social class required government to pay attention to their sports participation; 9) the widening income gap between urban and rural residents required government to ensure provision of public sports services for rural residents; 10) the change in regional distribution of population required government to scientifically coordinate distribution of public sports resources.