Abstract: Blood flow restriction training (BFRT) is a strategy to improve the training effect involving the use of a special compression device to pressurize a limb externally during exercise, which partially blocking the arterial blood flow while occluding the venous blood flow. In recent years, BFRT has been widely used in the fields of public fitness, competitive sports and medical rehabilitation; however, the effects and mechanisms of BFRT are still unclear. The current literatures show that BFRT is effectively in improving muscle mass and strength, aerobic capacity, as well as preventing muscle disuse atrophy, and accelerating injury and postoperative rehabilitation; in addition, BFRT may also have a positive effect on the treatment of skeletal muscle-related diseases. The main mechanisms of BFRT may be related to the increase of metabolic stress, which involves the process of hormone secretion, protein synthesis, muscle fiber raising and inhibition regulation, cell swelling, etc. BFRT provides an alternative to developing muscle strength for athletes and people who cannot withstand high-strength training. Along with the popularity of BFRT, the dose effect, safety and long-term training effect of BFRT are needed to be further explored in practice and scientific research. BFRT can be used as a new method for athletes to improve their sport performance.