幼儿园不同类型户外体育活动的强度水平及相关影响因素
Intensity Level of Different Kinds of Outdoor Physical Activities in Kindergarten and the Related Influencing Factors
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摘要: 目的:运用客观手段测试记录不同年龄、性别幼儿在幼儿园参与不同户外体育活动(早操、自由活动、集体游戏)时的活动强度,分析不同影响因素对活动强度水平及其变化特点的影响。方法:选取北京市某一类一级幼儿园内中、大班幼儿共71人(男37人,女34人),采集年龄、身高及体重等基本信息后,要求其在园内全天佩戴Actigraph GT3X+3轴加速度计,从中截取早操、自由活动和集体游戏3种活动时的数据,最终以15s的计数值(counts)来反映活动强度的变化。采用多因素方差分析评估不同年龄、不同性别以及不同活动类型对活动强度水平的影响。结果:总体来说,所有幼儿各项活动的平均强度均达到中等及以上水平;性别、年龄以及活动类型三者对活动强度的影响具有交互作用(P<0.01)。进行简单效应分析发现:其中年龄的影响表现为大班男生自由活动的整体强度水平比中班更高(P<0.01),而大班女生在集体游戏(P<0.01)和早操(P<0.05)这两项活动时较中班活动强度水平更高。性别对强度水平的影响相对较少,仅在中班幼儿进行集体游戏时,女生表现出相对更高的活动强度水平(P<0.01)。在进行不同活动时,大多数幼儿表现为自由活动的强度水平最高,与集体游戏和早操均具有显著性差异(P<0.01);而后两者的整体强度水平基本一致(P>0.05);仅中班男生在进行集体游戏时表现出较高的活动强度,更接近自由活动水平(P>0.05),而与早操时的活动强度出现差异(P<0.05)。结论:研究认为,3种常见的幼儿园户外体育活动均可达到中到较大强度水平,其中自由活动的平均强度最大;但园中户外体育活动时间尚未满足国、内外相关推荐量。此外,在园中进行户外体育活动时,不同年龄幼儿活动水平存在差异,提示,在进行活动设计时应考虑不同年龄对象自身特点;同时,目前的活动设计可能对于男性幼儿的调动性欠佳。Abstract: Objective:Aimed at testing and recording the intensity of children in different age and gender participating in three types of outdoor activities(morning exercise,free-time activity and collective game)in kindergarten,and analyzing the effects of different influencing factors towards activity's intensity level and changing characteristics,the main purpose is to provide the reference methods and guidance for the future study towards pre-school children's physical activity as well as the outdoor activity's design in kindergarten.Methods:71 children(37 for male,34 for female)from a kindergarten in Beijing participated in the study.After the collection of the basic information such as their age,height and weight,each child was asked to wear an Actigraph(GT3X+)accelerometer for the whole day in kindergarten.Data of three kinds of activities including morning exercise,free-time activity and collective game were collected and 15 seconds of counts was used to reflect the changes of activity intensity.Multi-factor analysis of variance has been used to evaluate the impact of different age,gender and activity type towards the activity intensity level.Results:In general,the average intensity of all activities in children has reached the medium or above level.The influences of gender,age and activity type towards the activity intensity are interactive(P<0.01).After the simple effect analysis,it is found that as for the influences of age,the total intensity level of boys in senior class in kindergarten is higher than those in middle class in free-time activity(P<0.01),and the intensity level of girls in senior class is higher than those in middle class in collective game(P<0.01)and morning exercise(P<0.05).The influence of gender towards activity intensity level is relatively small.Girls in middle class has relatively higher activity intensity level in collective game(P<0.01).Among all the different activities,the intensity level is higher in freetime activity for most children.Compared with intensity level of the morning exercise and collective game,there is significant difference(P<0.01).And the total intensity levels of the latter two are basically consistent with each other(P>0.05).The intensity level of the boys in middle class is higher in collective game,which approaches to the data of free-time activity(P>0.05)and is inferior to the data of morning exercise(P >0.05).Conclusion:In this study,the average intensities of each common outdoor activities in the kindergarten is approaching to the moderate or high intensity level.,and the intensity of free-time activity is the highest.But the time of outdoor activity in kindergarten is not enough currently.Furthermore,there is difference between the activity intensity level of children in different age,indicating that the individualistic characteristics of children in different age shall be considered in activity design.In the same time,the boys' initiative has not been well aroused in the design of outdoor sports.