Study on Physical Contest Organization and Its Evolution and Classification——Theoretical Framework of Game and Organization and Case Study of History and Reality

Physical contest organization is important organizational phenomenon in sports field, but previous studies have been divided into different academic fields according to the characteristics of specific organizations, and no general understanding of physical contest organizations has been formed. Therefore, taking "Play-Game-Sport" continuum as epistemic logic, based on the transaction cost theory, resource dependence theory, and with the development of the nineteenth Century British football evolution, comparison of North American and European sports occupation, as well as tennis, boxing and other individual physical contest organizations as examples, this paper makes exploratory research to set up the general framework of physical contest organizations from the two aspects of organizational structure and organizational goals. Firstly, the formation mechanism of physical contest organization is determined by efficiency factors such as sport skill specificity, opportunism and resource dependence. Secondly, the evolution mechanism of physical contest organizations depends on the changes of organizational goals, the changes of organizational structure and the interaction between them, the conversion from "playfulness" to "productivity" in organizational goal is positively related to the structuring of organization. Lastly, according to the three categories of organizational goals which are respectively "playfulness", "productivity" and their mixture, and the two categories of structural relation of organization which are connection and separation between "contest system" and "contest service system", specific physical contest organizations in reality can be divided into 6 different types: (1) gamelike physical contest organization featuring market trading; (2) gamelike physical contest organization featuring league contract; (3) mixed type I physical contest organization featuring league contract; (4) mixed type II physical contest organization featuring league contract; (5) productively physical contest organization featuring league contract; (6) productively physical contest organization featuring market trading. This paper has referential value for the study of sports competition and its organization, as well as the evolution of sports events.